Extinguishment of Obligation Essay Example for Free

Extinguishment of Obligation Essay Segment 1. †Payment or Performance Craftsmanship. 1232. Installment implies the conveyance of cash as well as the exhibition, in some other way, of a commitment. (n) Workmanship. 1233. An obligation will not be comprehended to have been paid except if the thing or administration where the commitment comprises has been totally conveyed or rendered, all things considered. (1157) Workmanship. 1234. On the off chance that the commitment has been generously acted in compliance with common decency, the obligor may recoup just as there had been an exacting and complete satisfaction, less harms endured by the obligee. (n) Craftsmanship. 1235. When the obligee acknowledges the exhibition, knowing its deficiency or abnormality, and without communicating any dissent or complaint, the commitment is esteemed completely agreed to. (n) Craftsmanship. 1236. The loan boss will undoubtedly acknowledge installment or execution by a third individual who has no enthusiasm for the satisfaction of the commitment, except if there is a specification despite what might be expected. Whoever pays for another may request from the indebted person what he has paid, then again, actually in the event that he paid without the information or against the desire of the account holder, he can recoup just to the extent that the installment has been valuable to the borrower. (1158a) Craftsmanship. 1237. Whoever pays in the interest of the indebted person without the information or against the desire of the last mentioned, can't force the lender to subrogate him in his privileges, for example, those emerging from a home loan, surety, or punishment. (1159a) Workmanship. 1238. Installment made by a third individual who doesn't mean to be repaid by the indebted person is esteemed to be a gift, which requires the debtor’s assent. Be that as it may, the installment is regardless substantial with regards to the leaser who has acknowledged it. (n) Workmanship. 1239. In commitments to give, installment made by one who doesn't have the free removal of the thing due and ability to estrange it will not be substantial, without bias to the arrangements of Article 1427 under the Title on â€Å"Natural Obligations.† (1160a) Craftsmanship. 1240. Installment will be made to the individual in whose favor the commitment has been comprised, or his replacement in intrigue, or any individual approved to get it. (1162a) Craftsmanship. 1241. Installment to an individual who is crippled to regulate his property will be legitimate in the event that he has kept the thing conveyed, or to the extent that the installment has been gainful to him. Installment made to a third individual will likewise be substantial to the extent that it has redounded to the advantage of the leaser. Such advantage to the loan boss need not be demonstrated in the accompanying cases: (1) If after the installment, the third individual obtains the creditor’s rights; (2) If the leaser sanctions the installment to the third individual; (3) If by the creditor’s direct, the borrower has been persuaded that the third individual had power to get the installment. (1163a) Craftsmanship. 1242. Installment made in compliance with common decency to any individual possessing the credit will discharge the account holder. (1164) Workmanship. 1243. Installment made to the loan boss by the account holder after the last has been judicially requested to hold the obligation will not be substantial. (1165) Craftsmanship. 1244. The indebted person of a thing can't urge the loan boss to get an alternate one, in spite of the fact that the last might be of a similar incentive as, or more important than that which is expected. In commitments to do or not to do, a demonstration or self control can't be subbed by another demonstration or abstinence against the obligee’s will. (1166a) Craftsmanship. 1245. Dation in installment, whereby property is distanced to the lender in fulfillment of an obligation in cash, will be represented by the law of deals. (n) Craftsmanship. 1246. At the point when the commitment comprises in the conveyance of an uncertain or conventional thing, whose quality and conditions have not been expressed, the leaser can't request a thing of unrivaled quality. Neither can the indebted person convey a thing of substandard quality. The reason for the commitment and different conditions will be thought about. (1167a) Workmanship. 1247. Except if it is in any case specified, the extrajudicial costs required by the installment will be for the record of the account holder. As to legal costs, the Rules of Court will administer. (1168a) Craftsmanship. 1248. Except if there is an express specification with that impact, the bank can't be constrained halfway to get the prestations in which the commitment comprises. Neither may the borrower be required to make fractional installments. In any case, when the obligation is to a limited extent sold and partially unliquidated, the lender may request and the indebted person may impact the installment of the previous without sitting tight for the liquidation of the last mentioned. (1169a) Craftsmanship. 1249. The installment of obligations in cash will be made in the money specified, and on the off chance that it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to convey such cash, at that point in the cash which is legitimate delicate in the Philippines. The conveyance of promissory notes payable to request, or bills of trade or other commercial records will create the impact of installment just when they have been liquidated, or when through the shortcoming of the loan boss they have been impeded. Meanwhile, the activity got from the first commitment will be held in the suspension. (1170) Craftsmanship. 1250. In the event that a remarkable swelling or collapse of the cash specified ought to happen, the estimation of the money at the hour of the foundation of the commitment will be the premise of installment, except if there is a consent despite what might be expected. (n) Craftsmanship. 1251. Installment will be made in the spot assigned in the commitment. There being no express specification and if the endeavor is to convey a determinate thing, the installment will be made any place the thing may be right now the commitment was comprised. In some other case the spot of installment will be the home of the borrower. In the event that the indebted person changes his house in dishonesty or after he has acquired in delay, the extra costs will be borne by him. These arrangements are without partiality to scene under the Rules of Court. (1171a) SUBSECTION 1. †Application of Payments Workmanship. 1252. He who has different obligations of a similar kind for very much the same loan boss, may proclaim at the hour of making the installment, to which of them the equivalent must be applied. Except if the gatherings so specify, or when the use of installment is made by the gathering for whose advantage the term has been comprised, application will not be made as to obligations which are not yet due. On the off chance that the account holder acknowledges from the loan boss a receipt in which an utilization of the installment is made, the previous can't whine of the equivalent, except if there is a reason for negating the agreement. (1172a) Workmanship. 1253. On the off chance that the obligation produces intrigue, installment of the chief will not be regarded to have been made until the interests have been secured. (1173) Workmanship. 1254. At the point when the installment can't be applied as per the former principles, or if application can not be construed from different conditions, the obligation which is generally grave to the indebted person, among those due, will be regarded to have been fulfilled. In the event that the obligations due are of a similar sort and weight, the installment will be applied to every one of them proportionately. (1174a) SUBSECTION 2. †Payment by Cession Craftsmanship. 1255. The indebted person may surrender or relegate his property to his lenders in installment of his obligations. This cession, except if there is specification despite what might be expected, will just discharge the indebted person from obligation regarding the net continues of the thing appointed. The understandings which, on the impact of the cession, are made between the account holder and his leasers will be administered by uncommon laws. (1175a) SUBSECTION 3. †Tender of Payment and Consignation Craftsmanship. 1256. On the off chance that the loan boss to whom delicate of installment has been made declines without worthy motivation to acknowledge it, the indebted person will be discharged from duty by the consignation of the thing or whole due. Consignation alone will deliver a similar impact in the accompanying cases: (1) When the lender is missing or obscure, or doesn't show up at the spot of installment; (2) When he is debilitated to get the installment at the time it is expected; (3) When, without worthwhile motivation, he will not give a receipt; (4) When at least two people guarantee a similar option to gather; (5) When the title of the commitment has been lost. (1176a) Craftsmanship. 1257. All together that the consignation of the thing due may discharge the obligor, it should initially be declared to the people inspired by the satisfaction of the commitment. The consignation will be incapable in the event that it isn't made carefully in consonance with the arrangements which direct installment. (1177) Craftsmanship. 1258. Consignation will be made by storing the things due at the removal of legal power, before whom the delicate of installment will be demonstrated, in an appropriate case, and the declaration of the consignation in different cases. The consignation having been made, the invested individuals will likewise be advised thereof. (1178) Craftsmanship. 1259. The costs of consignation, when appropriately made, will be charged against the leaser. (1178) Craftsmanship. 1260. When the consignation has been appropriately made, the account holder may request that the appointed authority request the crossing out of the commitment. Before the lender has acknowledged the consignation, or before a legal presentation that the consignation has been appropriately made, the indebted person may pull back the thing or the total stored, permitting the commitment to stay in power. (1180) Craftsmanship. 1261. On the off chance that, the consignation having been made, the leaser ought to approve the indebted person to pull back the equivalent, he will lose each inclination which he may have over the thing. The co-borrowers, underwriters and guarantees will be discharged. (1181a) Segment 2. †Loss of the Thing Due Craftsmanship. 1262. A commitment which comprises in the conveyance of a determinate thing will be quenched on the off chance that it ought to be lost or wrecked without the shortcoming of the borrower, and before he has acquired in delay. When by law or specification, the obligor is at risk in any event, for chance occasions, the loss of the thing doesn't stifle the commitment, and he will be

Frito Lay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frito Lay - Essay Example A portion of the highlights of the business work that made it fitting for an outcomes based way to deal with work execution are that the quantity of deals that the representatives make decides the measure of benefits that the organization will make. Furthermore is that the installment method of the activity is on a commission premise contingent upon the quantity of deals that an individual makes. 2. One of the preferences that collect to Frito Lay in characterizing the exhibition of its course deals representatives regarding its conduct is that it can focus on zones that will build the deals relying upon the course. In any case, a significant disservice of this technique in characterizing conduct is that it makes it hard to move representatives starting with one course then onto the next because of the various practices that are required to make deal. So as to address these issues, a commission pay framework ought to be changed to incorporate an arrangement of installment that is rel iant on the practicality of appearance for the high-volume course workers and the capacity of low-volume course representatives to haggle for the perfect rack space. 3. Frito Lay underlined on conduct of the course workers in its exploration to build its deals, anyway there are different measurements that are similarly significant, for example, the various capacities and instructive degrees of the representatives, as they will decide how successfully they will have the option to deal with their obligations. Neglecting these parts of execution will undoubtedly make the course representatives unfit to meet their objectives, which lead to low compensation, and the organization will record low benefits. Indonesia-Asia bumbling goliath 1. The poor financial presentation that has been knowledgeable about Indonesia has been a direct result of political and monetary elements. A portion of the political variables that added to the poor financial presentation incorporate the standard of Dicta tor Suharto that left the nation with enormous obligations to pay, likewise, the degrees of defilement and absence of political generosity has prompted the stagnation of the economy. The financial variables that have added to the poor monetary exhibition remember the decrease for remote direct speculations, the bureaucratic procedure that takes as long as 151 days all together for an individual to get a permit to work a business have likewise added to the low monetary presentation of Indonesia (Lewis, 91). These two components are connected since the political class, who have stolen open assets and neglected to plan arrangements to prod financial development has made the poor monetary condition in the nation. 2. A portion of the reasons that may have prompted outside firms leaving Indonesia in the mid 2000’s incorporate the defilement levels in the nation and bureaucratic procedures; this implied a decrease in GDP since there was no income created by the organizations any mor e. So as to turn around this pattern, the degrees of defilement and bureaucratic procedures ought to be tended to. 3. Defilement in Indonesia is a test since the political class come up short on the generosity to destroy it, as they are likewise included, this has made outside financial specialists avoid putting resources into the nation. 4. A significant hazard that remote firms in Indonesia face is imprisoning of their representatives or their activity licenses not being restored because of inability to offer pay-offs to the specialists. To lessen these dangers, these organizations should campaign the administration to make an ideal business condition for outside firms. Japan’s monetary disquietude 1. The Japanese economy has deteriorated in light of the fact that after the financial downturn that the nation confronted, the nation has been not able to prod monetary development again in spite of the administration endeavors. 2. The descending pattern in the Japanese economy

Onhs Documentation Essay Example

Onhs Documentation Essay Part 1. The Problem and Its Background 2. 1 Introduction Enrollment fills in as a crucial part in the life of each understudy after entering schools or colleges, either open or in private. It gives understudies the impact on how the entire organization oversees and controls the whole body. In addition, enlistment fills in as the primary experience of all understudies by which he/she participates either independently or with organization of a parent or a few family members. Enlistment is considered as the initial step or technique that must be finished by old understudies inside a specific foundation before the semester per school year thoroughly begins, however for those rookies, or first year understudies (new understudies), they are obliged to normally take an affirmation test, to know and survey them the correct course to draw in to, trailed by a booked meeting so as to give them brief guidelines and data about specific issues with respect to the school’s strategies, institutional projects just as close to home data, wellbeing, financial status, et cetera. Great enlistment is constantly an advantage in a school, relating to quick installment, appraisal methodology, and simple exchanges with a high pace of exactness. In this way, great enlistment inside the schools, if present, can be depicted as edify, arrange, exact and proficient. Enlistment has consistently been a troublesome assignment, however it is more so today than any other time in recent memory, where overseers utilizes the customary method for documenting records on a bureau. Schools, similar to some other association used to deal with a wide range of information and data to guarantee fulfillment of its objectives and goals. The rising needs in many schools for precise and significant information and dependable data fortify the Student Information System. As the number of inhabitants in the understudies goes up, it is getting increasingly mind boggling. Information ought to be put away in more secure places, and can be recovered effectively and quick when somebody needs it. We will compose a custom paper test on Onhs Documentation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Onhs Documentation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Onhs Documentation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Administrator’s task has getting increasingly mind boggling, there have been endeavors to improve the adequacy of critical thinking and vital to this are quantitative procedures and electronic gadgets, for example, PCs. This examination plans to concoct an enlistment framework and grades the executives with short message administration framework for a secondary school which additionally incorporates data appropriate information, for example, name, year, area, and so on. This framework is structure for the utilization of the staff to empower them to create data required by various individuals. It will make crafted by workforce and staff quicker, simpler and increasingly complete. The framework will likewise store the information of the understudies. For the future analysts, this examination could be utilized for their reference in having an enlistment framework and grades the executives with SMS System if the future specialists might want to detail a framework, for example, this. 2. 2 The Background of the Study Orani National High School (ONHS) is situated at Kawayan, Orani, Bataan, it was set up through the Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolution No. 41. ONHS grounds began to work three years before its House Bill No. 1425 was affirmed as Republic Act No. 8419 on November 27, 1997. ONHS is made out of (1864) one thousand 800 sixty four understudies. 500 forty (540) are first year, 400 sixty three (463) are second year, 400 thirty two (432) are third year and 400 twenty nine (429) are seniors or graduating. The school has sixty six (66) educating and non-instructing staff. Fifty three (53) instructing work force are normal perpetual and are broadly financed. Five are legally binding, subsidized by the Provincial School Board of Bataan and the Local School Board of Orani. The non-encouraging work force is made out of three (3) Department Heads, one (1) Disbursing Officer who are customary and perpetual and five (5) legally binding help faculty subsidized by the Provincial School Board of Bataan and Local School Board of Orani. All instructors breezed through the Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET) and Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) with Master of Arts in progress and are showing their own major or field of specialization. The workforce, staff, understudies and guardians of this school are caring individuals, who share one vision and one strategic who consistently endeavor to make ONHS a mindful educational system in Orani where each student is Maka-Diyos, Maka-kalikasan, Maka-tao and Maka-Bansa; and make each understudy comprehend, do and appreciate what they have realized by being good examples. Their enlistment is being done physically by the recorder and when the enlistment start the enlistment center will make some hard memories to enlist the understudy in their present enlistment framework, they found that utilizing a manual procedure is difficult to deal with, for example, assortment of records like putting away, discovering, arranging and making sure about of records especially if this put away just in one room and in a constrained space. It will be a major problem for the recorder and the understudy when or if at any time their going to get information or data. In this new framework it will be simple for them to enlist and to get information or data from the recorder and furthermore empower the enlistment center to handily deliver data required by the various individuals in the school. 2. 3 Statement of the Problem 2. 4. 1 General Problem How to configuration, create and execute an Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System for Orani National High School that would support the enlistment and evaluating process? 2. 4. 2 Specific Problems * Difficult information control * The current method for enlistment and reviewing framework is tedious * There is no information recovery of lost record There is no standard configuration when printing of evaluations * Difficult parental updates of the understudies * Security 2. 4 Objective of the Study 2. 5. 3 General Objective To have the option to configuration, create and execute an Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System for Orani National High School. 2. 5. 4 Specific Objective * To build up a data framework that can control information precisely. * To build up a data framework that will reduce the remaining task at hand, time, human asset and gives accurateâ informationâ needed in a data framework. * To build up a framework that can ensure the records. The proposed framework will have a standard printing position for the information. * To build up a data framework that has parental updates. * For security reason. 2. 5 Significance of the Study Due to the expanding understudies of Orani National High School, this investigation helped the school with respect to their enlistment exchanges. The proposed framework intended to profit the school in their enlistment offices, for example, keeping up the records, evaluation of charges and particularly the enlistment itself. The proposed framework meant to profit the accompanying: The School The fundamental recipient of the investigation is Orani National High School. ONHS would adjust the new development of innovation through C# programming language that will make their work with ideal execution. The created framework will repay the defects and issues that the school is experiencing. Recorder with respect to the registrar’s office the proposed framework will help the school in keeping up the information of the understudies and the school won't utilize the manual information gathering. ONHS will simply need to check the database for the records required. Understudies The understudies will profit by methods for not making some hard memories in falling in line and trusting that their turn will enlist. Defenders The advocates would likewise be a recipient of the investigation since the defenders would esteem the significance of upgrading their abilities and work execution while getting a handle on information all through the examination. Future Researchers For the future analysts, this examination could be utilized for their reference in having an enlistment framework if the future scientists might want to plan a framework, for example, this. 2. 6 Scope and Limitation The framework will have the accompanying highlights: * File Management * Students Master List * Grades Management * Generation of Reports * Student’s records report * Student’s grades report * Enrollment Process SMS work * Security However, the framework will have the accompanying confinements: * Enrollment Reservation * The SMS work is just accessible just during class hours between 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. * The SMS work can't be utilized if the prepaid pack doesn’t have enough loads to send data. 2. 7 Concept ual Framework ONHS Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System Of Orani National High School ONHS Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System Of Orani National High School ONHS System Students Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS ONHS System Understudies Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS Students Information Users Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS Students Information Users Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS Output Input Process Figure 1. 1 Conceptual Frame Work 2. 8 Definition of Terms System-Any sorted out get together of assets and methods joined together and directed by cooperation or reliance to achieve a lot of explicit capacities. Programming  a assortment of PC programs and related information that give directions on instructing the PC and how to do it. Database-a framework planned to arrange, store and recover huge measure of information without any problem. Program-(likewise a product program) is a lot of directions written to play out a predetermined undertaking

Choosing Good Essay on Bank Related Topics

Choosing Good Essay on Bank Related Topics A conclusion is, without a doubt, the most essential portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the fantastic impression or destroy it entirely. Because of this, you can want to think about a few topics before settling on the one which permits you to be more descriptive and entertaining. One other important element when picking a persuasive speech topic is to select a topic that could provoke your audience a little. Select a particular scenario and go with this. Short sentences have a bigger impact. Also, make sure to check at the word in a sentence to be mindful of the way it relates to other words. It is likewise very important to review words regularly. Select your words carefully. The secret is to choose a stimulating subject that will motivate you to search for more answers and hence you'll have the ability to think of an impressive essay. The important consideration to remember again is that you're not getting marked on the ideas themselves (so long as they answer the question) but the manner in which you present them regarding coherency, cohesion and grammar. Plastic surgery can create an ugly woman a gorgeous lady. Naturally, your explanation of the way to speak, act, and dress will differ for each scenario, and therefore don't attempt to compose an overall essay about making an excellent impression in every scenario. Facts, Fiction and Essay on Bank Related Topics Discrimination Mode' is included to take out the detection of unwanted metals like iron. When you haven't already mastered the process, it'll be tricky to learn and compose all at one time. Keep in mind both of these rules. Presently, a specific share of the nation's production, consumption, exports, imports, and income is determined by the decisions of international organizations or corporations beyond the state. Also, there are numerous sources of globalization that have made a profound effect on the world these days. The trade and commerce have a new life by the creation of huge industrial plants. Moreover, those who oppose globalization consider it like a type of neo-colonialism in the kind of comparative benefit. What's Actually Happening with Essay on Bank Related Topics Banking essays can be real fun to play with if you've got an exhaustive understanding about the discipline and have keen interest in writing, so should you believe that you cannot write decent banking essays than again you're erroneous. Childcare is also quite a marketable skill. Essay writing is a significant portion of the XAT Exam especially because it's conducted together with the most important exam. Writing an essay on globalization isn't an easy task with the plethora of available ideas! Cinematography is additionally a distinctive present of science. If you look at the newest IELTS writing topics, you will observe that most are quite general topics which should be relevant to the majority of countries. If you're reading an English newspaper, search for articles on the usual topics and highlight any excellent vocabulary. These topics may be used as they're written, or else they can be modified to suit the student's individual interests. There's also financing in the emerging international market for a topic for research. Moreover, a suitable Conclusion is needed. Get prepared to answer all these aspects if in the event you get this subject in the XAT Essay. Advantages and pitfalls of e-banking 11.

Challenges, Opportunities. Problems Analysis and Emerging Conflicts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2475 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Challenges, opportunities. Problems analysis and emerging conflicts: The case studies presented demonstrates several challenges and opportunities. The common ones are summarized in the below table for easy reference prior to elaboration. Common Challenges Opportunities Case I limited resources managing expectations managing change + small institute, potential growth + ability to select suitable track + exposure and qualifications Case II Case III Firstly, the limited resources can be referred at the rightful allocation of resources and the proper distribution of work load and duties among individuals. To illustrate, all three cases show a limited number of faculty members handling various functional tasks, including administrative, educational, researches, et cetera. Secondly, in managing expectations, leaders and managers respectively in each situation have failed to recognize the future aspiration of their staff, while they were mostly concerned in the pursuit of balancing between the needs and the expectations of their institutions. Thirdly, the most significant challenge can be traced to managing change in context. This is a crucial element, since it is a must-have attribute associated with being a leader and or a manager to be able to anticipate future change and being prepared with a contingent plan, as to cope with the unexpected and maintain a smooth and effective operation of the institute. On the other ha nd, opportunities can originate from different areas. To exemplify the cases, the first shows a new small faculty, the second refers to a newly established department, while the last is concerned with new mission. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"newà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ situation proposed can therefore be associated with ample of opportunities, such as potential career growth, better income, increased experience and qualifications. Moreover, all the case provide in a way a choice for choosing a suitable track that fit individual goal, provide exposure and possible promotion. It is commonly known that problems occur when a gap exist between a required situation and the actual one, or when expectations have changed. Alternatively, problems often lead to conflicts that emanate from different expectations between individuals. In the first case, the problem occurred as a result of budget cut. This unexpected change, led the Associate Dean to reconsider his plan of recruiting additional faculty mem bers and invest in a fully equipped laboratory to enable researches and development. Subsequently, this change affected directly the junior faculty member, first since work-shedding for some of the tasks performed is no more an option, and by the lack of basic equipment needed to conduct her researches. These fact led to a conflict, since either she would have to compromise and sacrifice her own private time to obtain the promotion she aims or she might lose her job. While in the second case, the problem took place when a faculty member was transferred to a new department and under a less cooperative, less guiding department head. The faculty member had collaborated and contributed to the overall mission of faculty in studies and publications, but her new manager did not recognize her efforts and instead accounted her for what her job description. The conflict aroused when the faculty member was subject to either succumb to pressure of new role or resign from her post. As for the third case, the problem originates as a result of large-scale change in faculty mission, to focus on practice dentistry to generate income and reduce costs. This fact has led to a perception of inequality in compensation between the two teams; tenure tack and clinical track faculty members. Conflicts emerged when tenure members believed that their counterparts would benefit more from this new approach considering that they are limited to one day in practice, while the clinical member complained about the lower base salary and the less flexible hours in comparison. Case studiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ central issues and relevant management concepts: (Word count: 964 without headings) To better comprehend each case, it is essential to analyze and identify the related central issues prior to identifying a management theory that could be applied and or assist for each context Referring to case I à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the frustrated faculty memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the main issue dwell in managing resources, in particular the human element. Peter Drucker (2004) suggests that effective managers will follow certain practices, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"what is right for the enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This fact is visible since both the dean and his associate did their best to get in hold of Dr. Orsten à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a periodontist, which is considered as scarce resource for the faculty. However, this is not sufficient. An institute that faces shortage in faculty members shall consider effective ways in developing their staff. Many techniques are presented in this regards, including mentoring, motivating and performance counseling. Retrieved from the Journal of Dental Education, Kotter presented certain complementary activities associated with management includes recruiting, allocating resources and coping with complexity. Apparently, the dean and his associate have succeeded in recruiting, but they failed on other counts such as mentor ing. Alternatively, what seems to be a drawback in leadership here, may in fact be related to other factors. Rosemary Stewart (1982) suggested that in certain context, managers effectiveness may reside on key factors, and this case, the constraints imposed on Dr. Hightower by the resource limitations and perhaps the legal regulations pertaining the promotion committee and requirement for tenure, did not leave room for negotiations and forced their behavior that way. This can be confirmed by his sympathy towards to Dr. Orsten and his appreciation to her work performance through the given bonus. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As for case II à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the misdirected faculty memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the central issue stems from lack of communication between the Dean and the different departmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Chairs. The lack of discussion and feedback among them may have resulted in an unnoticed conflict. For example, the direction of the deanship towards more rese arches and studies, was not communicated across the board and notably did not obtain feedback from all participants. Instead, they may have used existing skills of some members without considering their future aspirations. Supplemented with further internal re-shuffle of faculty members, both facts have led to a different expectations, and lack of compatibility. Dr. Forester à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a motivated member, has had to struggle to obtain guidance from the head of the newly established department where she was transferred at. This fact had spilled its impact on de-motivation. Thus, during the process of reengineering tasks between tenure and the clinical, and the changes in faculty bylaws, none have considered the impact for such a change. One way that could have helped the leaders and managers to identify such a conflict, could have been attained trough a proper feedback of all involved and the expectancy theory. The course study materials suggest that when app raising a subordinate, a manager should not only provide feedback, but also consider receiving feedback. Perhaps that what Dr. Marino failed to do, irrespective of whether he had load of other duties. Moreover, the failure to understand the individual and provide a constructive feedback, has meant that the appraisal of Dr. Forester led to a destructive feedback. As a result, Dr. Forester who had high expectations for promotion and motivated by her contribution to the school is now left wondering whether to remain or leave the school. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As for the case of the faculty stuck in the middle, the fundamental issue is how to address conflicts when dealing with limited resources create a conflict between individuals and different groups of faculty members. To start with, the new direction of the deanship as to focus on income generating centers, that is the clinical practice whereby additional income may be generated, and reducing expenses may sound crystal clear. How ever, this decision as the case implies was neither communicated nor transparently conveyed to all stakeholders , in specific all faculty members regardless of their track. This major flaw in Leadership and management is the source of rift that created the conflicts between the school faculty members. To epitomize, the new strategy proposed stirred up the differences between the tenure and clinical tracks members. On one hand, those in tenure found their counterpart would more benefit from incentives from the practice of dentistry, while themselves are imposed limitations for one day practice. On the other side, the clinical members raised the issue of compensation gap between both tracks, and the less flexible weekly schedule. The perception of unfair practice could have been avoided, if for example the leadership encouraged open communication, being transparent about the reason of change, and encourage all members to discuss freely among them. Instead, they have list ened to each individually. Hence, what appeared to be a positive conflict, that is enabling recruitment of clinical track at low base salary with higher incentives from practice, have resulted in negative conflict by the different perception of inequality that both team have held on each other. Addressing these conflicts after its occurrence, may be harder and perhaps a better way to avoid it was to accommodate it as the case study showed that Dr. Middleman had nothing to offer except to listening- that is accommodating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and was forced to deal with non-cooperative team, and a vacant position in his department. In similar situations, literature suggests that dealing with complexity and managing conflicts, require finding a resolution and a compromise. This can be achieved through negotiation. It involves joining people together, agree on a fair solution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"holding the stick in the middleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, make concessions and achieve compromises on both sides. Action alternatives and proposed recommendations: (word count: 650- without heading) The action alternatives proposed in Case I, an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"up or outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ option cannot be the right approach. To justify the statement, we shall consider different assumptions: If Dr. Orsten, unable to cope with responsibilities, did not allocate further time to pursue requirements, demonstrate skills needed for promotion, therefore she would fail to qualify for the tenure, hence forced to go out. Moreover, if Dr. Langley with no intention to continue at the new school, also left upon his contract expiry, the result would be catastrophic. Reason is the shortage of periodontist. A better approach to overcome this negative situation would consider different ways in which the deanship may conserve their human assets. Dr. Hightower could re-negotiate an incentive plan, alleviate and balance teaching tasks. Consequently shreddin g some obligations from the frustrated member. This would enable better time management and allow opting for researches and publications. As a matter of fact, setting direction is the essence of Leadership besides aligning people, motivating and inspiring them. Accordingly, these clues could lead to a favorable situation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ From what has been advanced in Case II, Dr. Forester is set to work after hours to attain excessive requirements of the new department, obtain a positive performance review and gain a promotion. Giving no options may not be the best solution. Simply because what has worked for Dr. Marino may not work for Dr. Forester, i.e. due to her personal family situation, she might not be able to commit to additional late night working hours. A better approach to tackle the situation, is reconsidering other clinical members who may willingly be interested in this department, and match the traits of Dr. Marino, i.e. sharp with no familial obliga tions. Moreover, exploit Dr. Foresterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capabilities and skills that was found useful and needed in restorative department. The focus here will be on keeping all staff motivated, feeling secure and appreciated. One way to measure effectiveness of the Leaders is how well they manage to ensure harmony among their staff while maintaining the direction towards achieving objectives derived from the mission. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When reviewing case III, addressing limited resources via proposal of recruiting clinical members at lower salary base with higher incentive plan for dentistry practice, may not yield to wishful result. This has created conflicts between different groups. Accordingly, consequences could be catastrophic if a contingency plan is not initiated to contain this rift. An alternative approach is to consider what explicitly was mentioned within case abstract, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"having transparent, open communication and confronta tionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ but under the leadership guidance. Instead of avoidance, the best strategy could be a collaborative approach. By transparently considering the whole package of benefits in front of all concerned, considering all factors such as years of tenure and experiences as well as other benefits openly would help bridging the gap and perhaps reaching agreement on sharing incentives adequately between tracks. In short, the school would need both team to achieve its mission. Subsequently, it needs to address incentive sharing generated by the additional income, then flexibility given to both parties, which would lead to a perception of equality. Furthermore, the committee should include an equal ratio from both sides. Conclusions list with explanation: (word count 310 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" excluding headings) To manage people requires more than aligning interests of individuals with the faculty expectations. Empathy and financial motivation are not conclusive in d ealing with change. Additionally, changes are part of our daily life and successful leaders shall always consider all possibilities and not be limited to what is set. In fact, the simple scheme of management skill as presented by Robert L. Katz (1986), include a related part of conceptual skills, and involves visualizing the enterprise as a whole. That is considering the relationships between its various parts, understand interdependence of human asset and recognizes that changes in once part impact other parts. Furthermore, when managing a new department implies transferring human resource, it is very essential to understand individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ career expectancy, obtain feedback from their previous superior and set a clear direction to them before they move onto their new role. Failing to do so, could result in losing a well performing member, and denying opportunities for those who may be well suited for new positions. In other words, there must be an analysis o f all potential candidates that specifically fit the required job, but not making a transfer without considering consequences that result in negative conflicts among participants, as implied in case II. Finally, in order to manage a limited resource, good leaders shall consider the potential impacts of their proposed solution on all parts of the institute. An ideal change, is a solution that serve the immediate problem and have positive impact on the overall organization. Hence, a solution has to consider the different stakeholders. In other words. not only the interest of the university to be looked at alone, but also the interests of all members including the clinical and tenure track faculty members. Only then, conflicts can be avoided and potential threats from mass exodus can be eradicated, as it was demonstrated in case III. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Reference list: Comer, Robert W. et al (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Leadership Strategies for Department Chairs and Program Dire ctors: A case Study Approachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Dental Education, vol. 66, no. 4 Drucker, Peter F. (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What makes a good executive?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, pp. 58-63 Katz, R. (1986) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Skills of an effective administratorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, March/ April, vol. 64, issue 2, p. 198 Kotter, J.P. (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" What effective general managers really doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, March/ April, vol. 77, issue 2, pp. 145-59. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges, Opportunities. Problems Analysis and Emerging Conflicts" essay for you Create order

Net Present Value and Salvage Value - 1144 Words

------------------------------------------------- FINC5001 Capital Market and Corporate Finance ------------------------------------------------- Workshop 5 – Capital Budgeting II 1. Basic Concepts Review a) In applying Net Present Value, what factors do we include, and what factors do we ignore? Use cash flows not accounting income Ignore * sunk costs * financing costs Include * opportunity costs * side effects * working capital * taxation * inflation 2. Practice Questions a) After spending $3 million on research, Better Mousetraps has developed a new trap. The project requires an initial investment in plant and equipment of $6 million. This investment will be depreciated†¦show more content†¦At present the company owns and operates the Black Pearl as its main ship but is considering replacing it with a new ship called the Flying Dutchman, a much larger vessel. The CEO of EITC Ltd, Mr Cutler Beckett, has appointed you to evaluate the proposal for the Board. If the Board decides to go ahead with the project the Black Pearl will be immediately sold and replaced by the Flying Dutchman. The Flying Dutchman would then operate for 5 years. Last year EITC Ltd commissioned the consulting group Swan and Co. to evaluate the potential of the new vessel. This report cost $500,000 and was delivered last month. The finance department of EITC used the findings of that report to provide you with the following information about the two vessels: Black Pearl 1. Original purchase price: $15 million 2. Years since the purchase: 5 years 3. Depreciation rate: 15% per year 4. Salvage value this year: $2 million 5. Salvage value in 5 years: $300,000 6. Revenue each year: $6.5 million 7. Operating costs each year: $4.2 million Flying Dutchman 1. Purchase price this year: $18 million 2. Depreciation rate: 12.5% per year 3. Estimated salvage value in 5 years: $10 million 4. Revenue each year: $10.8 million 5. 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Pregnant as a Teenager Essay Example For Students

Pregnant as a Teenager Essay My name is Kathy and I would like to tell you a story of my life and how one night of fun changed it forever. It is a true story of my rough teen years, the choices I made and the consequence I paid because of these choices. First I want to tell you that all these statistics that you see about how nineteen percent of all United States births were to teens, how one million teens become pregnant each year, and more than five hundred and thirty thousand of them do give birth; this my friends is not a lie. I am one of those to statistics as a matter of fact. I am one of those million teens that thought it could never happen to them but later found out that I had thought wrong. When I was eleven years old my parents split and I was highly set off by this. My life went down hill from here. My grades fell, and I began making decisions that I will regret for the rest of my life. When I made it into high school I began exploring myself somewhat and met a guy who I thought I was in love with. Having set sail with the new love I thought I had found little did I know there was an awful storm waiting in my path. Our relationship became physical very quickly and like many teens I had the Itll never happen to me syndrome. We began sleeping around. I was never home. I was either out with my man or hanging out with my friends who were not a good influence on me at all. You are who you hang out with, they say. By the fifth month of our relationship, I was pregnant. My mother and I were both devastated. My boyfriend and I married but by eighteen months time he was gone. After finding out the news of my pregnancy, I had many decisions and responsibilities to make and fulfill. The most important decision I had to make was weather or not I wanted to have this baby. I had never read much about abortion but had a gut feeling that I could not bring myself to take the life of a child. I went to the library and read up on abortion. There were two types of abortion, medical and surgical. Medical abortion is done by taking medications that will end pregnancy, while surgical abortion ends pregnancy by emptying the uterus with special instruments. The more I read about this sad topic the more I told myself that I could not do this to this child or myself. I knew that if I did take this life that I could never live with decision and would regret it for the rest of my life. I was going to go through with it. I will have this baby and love and care for it as best I can. I told myself that it could not be that hard. I knew that teenage mothers were more at risk of pregnancy complications such as premature or prolonged labor, anemia and high blood pressure. The doctor told me that I must eat healthy and that I must refrain from smoking, consuming alcohol or taking drugs, or my baby would be at risk of being born with major health problems. Days went by and it was getting closer to my babies birth date. All I could think about was how uncomfortable I felt and how ugly those stretch marks were gonna be after I got through this pregnancy. She ended up coming two weeks early which scared me because teen babies are pruned to be premature and have a low birth weight. This may have meant that Cassis organs were not fully developed and that she was forty percent less likely to live than a baby with normal weight. This was not the case with my beautiful Cassi. She was born and was, for the most part, healthy. As a mother, school is the only activity I had with my friends. When the last bell rings, I must go straight home to Cassi who stays with my moth er during the school day. One in three teen mothers end up dropping out of high school and if it wasnt for my mother, I may have had to do the same. My friends stand in the hall after the bell rings and discuss their plans for the evening. But I, I had to return to my routine day of going home and sitting with Cassi and watching television, occasionally getting up for a bottle or to change her diaper. Cassi had changed the priorities in my life. My concerns used to be with what I was going to do with my friends, but now when friends drop by spontaneously and talk about going to a football game, I remind them that I have a baby now. I was unable to live the typical life of a junior in high school, unable to play sports, hang out, or just be a teenager. I hear all these kids at school saying that they want a baby of their own. I think to myself they must believe that by having a baby they will either have someone to love them feel they will have a secured type of future, or will get m any financial benefits from the government. Sure you do get many benefits from the government but it is still not worth it. Trying to be an adult before I have been a teenager has been an awakening experience for me. I look older now with stretch marks on my body from the pregnancy. I do love Cassi more than anything in the world, I just wish I had waited until I was married with a complete education before I had her. I n closing I will tell you that I am a living example of a teenagers life that was not fulfilled because of one simple decision. Please know that it can happen to you. Dont be one of the one million teens that got pregnant at an innocent age and threw her childhood away. If you have already become impregnated then please know that you are not alone. I understand your fears and pains. Listen to what your parents and teachers have to say. New life is great but it needs to be with the right person at the right time. Please learn from my mistake. Say no!

A Parasite Is Defined As An Organism That Lives In Or On Another Organ

A parasite is defined as an organism that lives in or on another organism, called a host (2). If the parasite has the capacity to cause disease in the host then the parasite is called a pathogen. Disease in the host is caused by the infection of the parasite. The interaction between the host and parasite is complex. Both the pathogen and the host strive for survival in some of the cases. The pathogen divides within or on the host in an attempt to keep its species alive while the host's defense mechanisms simultaneously attempt to eliminate the pathogen. The extent of the battle for survival varies depending on the relationship. This paper discusses the disease state of Chlamydia; how the organism invades its host, evades the host's defense mechanisms, multiplies within the host, and is released from the host. Certain aspects of the chlamydiae will be compared to the other pathogens, Rickettsia and the Herpesviruses as they relate to the disease state. Bacteria are classified into four categories according to shared characteristics, these categories are then divided into groups, and the groups are divided further into subgroups. The ninth group of bacteria contains only two subgroups called the Rickettsias and Chlamydias (1). According to 16S r RNA sequencing Rickettsias are related to the purple Bacteria and Chlamydias comprise a major branch of Bacteria (2). Viruses are not grouped among the prokaryotes. In fact viruses are not really organisms by definition. They are genetic elements that are replicated by host cells. The herpesvirus group contains over seventy viruses all of which are potentially pathogenic. Only five of these viruses infect humans. This group of viruses resemble each other and have biological properties in common, particularly the latency-reactivation stages in the disease state. Before discussing the host-parasite interactions the developmental cycle of chlamydiae need to be mentioned briefly. Chlamydiae alternate between two cell types called elementary bodies and reticulate bodies. The elementary bodies are released from infected host cells and enter uninfected host cells. In the newly infected host cells the elementary bodies transform to reticulate bodies. The reticulate bodies divide in the host cell and then transform themselves into new elementary bodies. The elementary bodies never divide and the reticulate bodies never invade host cells, they are both incapable of doing the other's job. The morphology and metabolisms of viruses are completely different from that of bacteria. The herpes group of viruses consist of a central core, called a nucleoid, containing the viral DNA. The nucleoid is surrounded by a capsid made of tubular protein subunits called capsomeres. The capsid is surrounded by an envelope coated with viral antigens. Other viruses have variations of this morphology. In the sense that chlamydiae change form between infecting and multiplying they can be compared to viruses. Viruses have extracellular and intracellular forms. In the extracellular form the virus is in the form described in the previous paragraph. When the virus infects the host cell it leaves behind its capsid and envelope so that only its nucleic acid enters the host cell. The viral nucleic acid is replicated by host cell machinery. So both chlamydiae and viruses, including the herpesviruses, have an extracellular form that attaches to the host cell and an intracellular form that replicates or is replicated in the host cell. The first step in the host-parasite interaction is the attachment of the parasite to the host cell. Chlamydial cell walls resemble those of gram-negative bacteria except that the chlamydial cell walls lack peptidoglycan. Instead of the peptide cross links in the peptidoglycan layer, disulfide bonds between outer membrane proteins provide rigidity to the wall. Interestingly, rickettsiae also have a gram-negative type of cell wall and they too lack peptidoglycan. The same outer membrane proteins of the chlamydial cell walls have also been reported in the scrub typhus rickettsiae. It has been suggested [by Hatch et al.,(1981) that] negative chlamydial ligands are neutralized by electrostatic interaction with host ligands, thus leading to the binding of chlamydiae to host cells by powerful van der Waals forces (3). It is not yet clear whether chlamydiae enter the host cell by means of microfilament-dependent phagocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis or if both of these pathways are s omehow involved together (3). The major

The Three Actors Upon Governance †State, Market and Civil society †Government Essay

The Three Actors Upon Governance – State, Market and Civil society – Government Essay Free Online Research Papers The Three Actors Upon Governance State, Market and Civil society Government Essay This essay attempts to offer an explanation and overview of the terms governance, institutions and â€Å"good governance†. Throughout the history the term governance has been associated exclusively to the role of the state ignoring other social factors. Most recent theories offer a very different view of this term, but most stress the relationships between the three actors of governance -state, market and civil society- as necessary requisite to the act of governance. In my understanding governance is the way these actors organise themselves and make decisions according to a set of formal and informal rules that together form institutions. To achieve the perfect governance suggested by the UN is considered an utopia as conflict of interests and failures in the three actor networks arise as regular features of governance making therefore impossible the permanent respect of the Human Rights. Governance and Institutions. 2. 1. Governance. Governance is the process of decision-making which conducts public life in a society and guarantees respect of citizens’ Human Rights, equality in resource distribution and safety. Governance is in charge of the application of the rules of the game which will determine the absence or not of political legitimacy in a country and the population’s quality of life. All actors other than government, the army and the members of the market are put together as part of civil society. In some countries the criminal society has such influence in the decision-making process that may be considered as another actor of governance. Governance is therefore the result of the interactions among state, market and the civil society and function according to a set of rules and norms. Earlier definitions of governance linked this term exclusively to the action of government. Today definitions are wider and cover non-state actors as mentioned before. Rhodes (1997) relates governance with concepts as â€Å"self-organising† and â€Å"interorganisational netwoks†. According to his point of view society is able to organise and govern itself independently of the state and through a process that can be defined as symbiotic as all the members of society need to each other to achieve their aims. The social interactions which result from this exchange process are regulated by a set of rules and how they are applied will determine the level of democracy in societies. This autonomy from the state is the result of concepts such as decentralisation and privatisation of the public services that have transformed present societies. In the words of Rhodes (1997) â€Å"no single actor, public or private, has the sufficient knowledge to dominate ultimately a governing model†. Governance is the result of a social-political-administrative sharing process where state, market and civil society have their own role. The state does not have any more a central role. 2.2. The role of Institutions. So far governance has been described as the way state, market and civil society interact according to a set of norms and rules known as institutions. These are in charge of providing the instruments which make possible such interaction. According to Gorringe (1997) institutions are created as a result of the necessity of improving the co-ordination among the different members of a society, preventing conflicts of interests and supporting cooperativism. A society without institutions or rules of the game would be an anarchist society where lack of organisation may lead to chaos. Two different degrees of formality can be identified within the rules: formal norms (those based on written constitutions, laws, formal contracts, etc.) and informal norms (based on moral rules, unwritten societal codes of conduct, etc). Informal norms have more importance in developing countries for social administration and poverty alleviation given that generally formal institutions are very limited and do not have the necessary structure to carry out its tasks properly (Jutting, 2003). One of the most significant problems that formal and informal rules have to cope with is to find the way to evolve at the same rate. Sometimes the application of formal norms are against the beliefs or established moral norms of a certain society. An example can be taken from China when during the 70’s the state, trying to control the population growth, decided to impose fines to those families that did not respect the limit established in the region on the number of children per family. Th is new norm was imposed in a society where having large families was a very old tradition and has very positive connotations. The scope of work of institutions is very wide and cover all the economic and social aspects of the individual as personal security, property rights, resource distribution, level of freedom, education, etc. The application of the rules of the game needs the pre-condition of the society acceptance of such norms and of the democratic process. However, in reality the people who design these rules and who finally apply them through the governance actions are normally a small part of the society in clear advantage respect the rest of the society members. Therefore they have the chance to shape society according to their own interests. Thus depending on their actions cases of tyranny or societies living in most absolute liberty can be found (Crukshank,1999). 3. Good governance. The concept of â€Å"good governance† has had a lot of different interpretations along the history. At the present moment the most common approaches are those based on the interactions among state, market and civil society. The differences arise when defining how these relationships should make â€Å"good governance† possible. An example of it is showed by Cruikshank (1999) through the different views of two North American authors from the 60’s (Huntington and Wolin) about the interactions between state and civil society and its influence on governance. Whereas the former thinks that the role of the state is in danger when the civil society intervention increases in the political scene – â€Å"too democracy and participation†- the latter, by contrast, sees the danger in limiting the participation of the citizens in the public-political life. Thought the two authors disagree about how governance should be, both of them stress â€Å"an overflow of politics out of the realm of the state and into the realm of the social† (Cruikshank,1999). It is widely thought that a necessary condition for â€Å"good governance† is that the interactions among government, market and civil society should occur under the framework of democracy and the respect of the Human Rights (civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights) as it is described by the United Nation in its Resolution 2000, 64 (UN High Commission for Human Rights). Democracy is not just understood as the citizens chance to participate in the electoral system but it also involves a pluralist political and social system, the integrity of the three governance actors, the legitimacy of the decision-making process and the opportunity for public scrutiny of the actions of those who holds the power (Archer, 2003). Under this framework â€Å"good governance† involves that all members of a society should therefore enjoy safety –against internal and external threats- and freedom to act and express themselves irrespective of their sex, ideology, race or religion. Also they should have equal access to a welfare system covering all their basic needs and providing them with a decent quality of life – not just at subsistence levels-. This â€Å"ideal† model of governance is according to the UN only possible if it takes place under the umbrella of transparency, equity participation of citizens in the decision making process, consensus among all parts involved seeking the best common interests, following of the rule of law, responsiveness to serve all the society members, accountability to the public and institutions and effectiveness and efficiency to meet the society’s needs and protecting the environment (UN ESCAP). In this utopian model of governance every actor has a task to undertake. Thus, the market should create the necessary conditions for fair trade and competitiviness, as well as to maintain the balance between private and public companies to make sure that everybody has the same chances to access to goods and services. According to Archer (2003) the state should be in charge of financial control, good and long-term planning (in economy, infrastructure people,), to provide an equal welfa re and education system and to offer a judicial system which upholds the law without bias. Finally civil society’s should promote co-operativism to eliminate powerful interest bias and to claim political and economic accountability to maintain social equality. But why has no country in the world achieved total â€Å"good governance† if they have the theory and knowledge to do so? The main answer is the existence of conflicts of interests in the decision-making process that make impossible to apply concepts as transparency or consensus and the consistent failure in the respect of the Human Rights leading to situations of inequality among the society’s members. Sometimes is civil society who build barriers to â€Å"good governance† trying to take advantage of the democratic system. An example can be seen in Spain through the continuos outrages committed by the terrorist group ETA against the rest of the Spanish population and the government. They use the arms and threat to impose their rules in a region of the country ideologically divided (Vasc Country). With their actions this group break down the natural interaction which should take place between civil society and state. Also break the consensus between citizens in their claim for a better society. Another factor that could represent a barrier to the model of â€Å"good governance† is that the failure in the functioning of one of the three actors may affect the success of the other two members. For instance, in the case of the market a set of reasons related to lack of effectiveness in the social and government context can lead to market failure. Situations of inequality and conflict of interests can be seen when the state benefits -with reduced taxes, privileged access to capital, guaranteed markets, etc- some companies more than others. The lack of a good education system results in gap knowledge in technology and a consequent poor competitiveness. Finally, an ineffective rule of law could be cause of conflicts, different forms of abuse and the detriment of investments as companies ask for transparent policies to reduce financial risks. In the international sphere Stiglitz (2002) explains a case of unfair trade and political power between US and Bolivia. This was widely discussed in one of the most recent Uruguay Round of trade negotiations as the South American country opened its barriers to allow US to control the traffic of cocaine and was almost eradicated the growth of this in the country -even being the only income of many Bolivian citizens. However, US responded keeping its barriers closed to agricultural products that Bolivian farmers might export. Thus, US used its economic and political power to get better benefits for itself and did not fairly respond to the efforts of Bolivia. Thus, â€Å"good governance† is not possible in developing countries when they are in economic and political disadvantage respect to rich countries. Archer (2003) concludes that â€Å"good governance thesis highlight the fact that there is an overlap between business interests and Human Rights. 4. Conclusion. The UN Commission for Human Right offers a very sensible definition of â€Å"good governance† based on the necessity of the respect of the people’s civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Also gives to the three actors of governance the instructions about how they should achieve a more fair society. But the problem is that even having the instruments and the knowledge to do so too many different interests have to be put in common, which is an utopia in a world where advantage sectors take benefits of the differences of power within societies. A society cannot develop properly without the proper functioning of its formal and informal institutions that at the same time have to be designed and applied according to the needs and beliefs of the citizens, not trying to satisfy just the privileged minorities that dominate the interactions among state, market and civil society. The aim of those who holds the power spheres should be to seek equilibrium among the three actors of governance while applying the rules of the game and the maintenance of a democratic network system. To find the right balance is difficult and although some countries get very close to it there is no society in the world which achieved a total â€Å"good governance†. References. Archer, R. (2003). United Nations. Non-Governamental Liason Service. Development dossiers. Market and good governance. unsystem.org/ngls/documents/publications .en/develop.dossier/dd.01/01.htm#02 Viewed February 2004. Cruikshank, B. (1999). The will to empower. Democratic citizens and other subjects. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Gorringe, P. (1997). The State and Institutions. The Treasury Wellington New Zealand. www.treasury.govt.nz/gorringe/papers/gp-1997.pdf (Viewed February 2004). Jutting, J. (2003). Institutions and Development: A critical review. OECD. Development Centre. DEV/DOC (2003) 08. Technical papers. No 210. Pgs. 11-12. www.oecd.org.dev/Technics (Viewed February 2004) Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding governance. Policy networks, governance, reflexibility and accountability. Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press. Stiglitz, J. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. London and New York: Allen Lane. The Pinguin Press. United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance .htm (Viwed February 2004). United Nation Office of the High Commission for Human Rights. Human Rights and Development. unhchr.ch/development/governance-01.html (Viewed February 2004) Research Papers on The Three Actors Upon Governance - State, Market and Civil society - Government EssayBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Election Commerical Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Election Commerical - Research Paper Example The narrator repeats the words â€Å"strength†, â€Å"restraint†, and â€Å"leadership† as he introduces Reagan to the viewers, and juxtaposes Reagan with President Carter in order to show a contrast in their policies. â€Å"Peace is lost when such strength disappears,† says Reagan, as he goes on to describe his perspective on negotiating with the Soviet Union, and finally claims that â€Å"hope, confidence, and facts† are at the heart of his strategy. â€Å"The time is now,† concludes the narrator. â€Å"Reagan for president.† The feeling the video gives is split. In the opening sequence, it shows images of worrying foreigners, while the narrator speaks ominously over the droning of an air raid siren. The viewer comes to feel a sense of concern as the narrator repeats the word â€Å"slowly† while naming off conflicts that the US has been involved in, starting with Korea. It then shifts focus, using a condemning tone while menti oned countries where Carter’s foreign policy has be ineffective—â€Å"Angola, Ethiopia, and Afghanistan.† This shift in focus does not outwardly suggest that Carter is to blame for the Iranian hostage crisis, nor that he will lead the US into another war. However, it surely invites the viewer to make that connection based on the flow from describing future risks to the current leader’s shortcomings. The video then transitions into a scene of Ronald Reagan giving a speech, then a television interview. This is where the mood splits, and suddenly the video presents confidence and reassurance, indicating that Reagan is the man with the answers to the problems that Carter presents. The Reagan half uses live quotations and conveys future hope and strategies, focusing on Reagan as the answer. The context of this video is a chaotic political environment, where President Jimmy Carter, the incumbent, was mired in the details and faced with a critical opponent who w as quite aware of all his faults. Ronald Reagan was the two-term governor of California and former actor who faced-off against Carter in 1980. He had a fiscal reputation that would give him great appeal during the inflation problems of the time, but also used his charisma as an actor to be a confident, strong, and effective speaker who could engage listeners and convey his messages with success. While the economic issues were forefront in this election, and his plans for dealing with them well-developed, the Iranian-hostage crisis unexpectedly dominated public opinion as 53 Americans were held in captivity over the course of a year in the American embassy in Teheran. Possibly increasing the strength of his ballot, Reagan selected UN Ambassador George H.W. Bush as his running mate, and the focus of the race shifted greatly to what the Reagan-Bush ticket could do for America’s relations abroad. What was most important in 1980 was indeed US foreign policy, and this is the primar y area where Carter experienced stress and criticism. Carter’s approach to foreign policy was humble and restrained, which may have been perceived as weak by some. This perception of weakness increased during the Iranian hostage crisis. Carter staged a failed rescue attempt of Americans held hostage in Teheran in April of 1980, and as a result, Americans at home grew frustrated. Elizabeth drew is quoted in a description of the political atmosphere as saying "Fairly or not, [the hostage crisis] came to symbolize the question of whether Carter was a leader, whether he was competent, whether he was strong." The issue of who could keep the peace and who was likely to let it slip away caused the election to be very close by October 1980 (Jimmy). The Iranian hostage crisis led to a severing of relations between the United States and the newly formed Islamic Republic of

Real life research Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Real life research - Coursework Example 2. A major advantage of mail panel research is that the cost is low especially since bulk postage is cheap. There is also no interviewer bias and the respondents can answer at their convenience. Furthermore, mail surveys may be long so a large amount of information can be obtained. A major drawback of this kind of research is that the surveys can be returned after several months; thus, a cause of delay in the research. There is a low response rate with this kind of survey. This kind of research is not suitable if the issues in the survey need clarification such as very technical topics. I think NFO used a mail panel because it is less costly. Since NFO has a set of panelists already, they did not have to gather a new group for the research. This means less effort and expense on their part. Moreover, NFO can reach a larger population with this kind of survey because it does not require personal

Benjamin Marquez Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Marquez Essay Benjamin Marquez works to define identity as being beneficial but mostly keeps minorities in check socially, economically, and politically.   Mexican Americans created identities in response to this discrimination and economic deprivation by aligning with four organizations: The Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice (SNEEJ), the Southwest Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), The Texas Association of Mexican American Chambers of Commerce (TAMACC), and the Mexican American Women’s National Association (MANA).   The Mexican-American organizations in this study are each seeking to advance its own concept of racial politics. The minority group status depicts exclusion based on race or culture and lower socioeconomic status; however, these are not the only defining features.   Historically, they represent the most continual points of conflict between Mexican and Anglo Americans.   The Racial discrimination had put Anglo Americans higher on the social ladder, not to mention skin color and being a majority.   To build on the disadvantages faced by Mexican Americans they battle poverty, low wages, and unemployment.   These concerns have been the basis of demands made by Mexican American activists for equal treatment before the law, nondiscrimination in hiring, access to higher education, and so son. The Author’s Thesis Benjamin Marquez argues that the political organizations formed are in response to social discrimination and economic deprivation.   The four organizations broken down in his novel, he asserts, have completely different procedures and plan to battle a common cause of suppression of Mexican American people. Data/Evidence Offered The author, Benjamin Marquez, uses in-person and telephone interview to reveal how each of the four political organizations operated.   The four political organizations focused on are The Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice (SNEEJ), the Southwest Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), The Texas Association of Mexican American Chambers of Commerce (TAMACC), and the Mexican American Women’s National Association (MANA).   There are hundreds of Mexican American organizations but Marquez narrowed his selection down because all four mentioned are well known in southwestern political, have a long record of successful organizing, and are supported by a large membership base.   The four organizations chosen for this study are good examples of the regionally based organizations at work in Mexican-American communities.   Benjamin Marquez made trips to each of the network’s headquarters to examine each organization’s records and materials.   Unfort unately, a paper trail on each Mexican American organization was hard to come by because of a lack of record-keeping. Conclusion The argument Marquez gets across to his readers is that the reason for the hundreds of Mexican American organizations is to aid the uphill climb for Mexican Americans in the Anglo-dominated society; essentially, to counter racial discrimination that plagues the group from the beginning.   Marquez makes it certain that discrimination is still felt among Mexican Americans and continues to be a significant problem.   How these problems take shape in a political atmosphere is the focus of the book. The four political organizations the comprise the book are very different: The Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice (SNEEJ), the Southwest Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), The Texas Association of Mexican American Chambers of Commerce (TAMACC), and the Mexican American Women’s National Association (MANA). While, within the organizations, there is at times political dissent the mission statement the members do not waiver from the mission statement.   TAMACC’s long-standing demand for equal opportunity is a declaration that they are the Anglos equal and are determined to prove it.   Still, the members make a point that they place important on the individual.   Their intention is to acquire property and build large business enterprises.   However, it is important to note, TAMACC activists are critics of racial, not economic, hierarchies.   Simply, they believe that Mexican Americans will prosper if the business world is purged of racism. SNEEJ is the only group in Marquez’s study to issue a fully challenging identity on race, class, and culture.   SNEEJ activists believe they have been exploited on a race, economic, and cultural level.   They know that respect and recognition will come through land claims, political autonomy, and control over natural resources.   In contrast, the Southwest IAF activists feel that bridging gaps between group boundaries will ultimately eliminate racism.   IAF use commonalities between people of different groups such as religion as a gap-filler, where both parties can connect.   Even poor racial minorities, if they really wanted to, could change political thought where they can get more recognition for their group.   For IAF, cooperation, reconciliation, and compromise are articles of faith (117).   Both groups, SNEEJ and Southwest IAF, see Mexican Americans as poor and deprived, organize in Mexican American neighborhoods, and strive for a better economic share of p ower and resources.   Yet, as noted, they have radically different premises, values, and goals. They all agree Mexican-American people face profound socioeconomic problems but disagree on the appropriate remedy. Summary Criticism An Issue that sparked an interest and had relevance to my life was the perception of migrants in a foreign country and the perception of returning migrants to their countries of origin (17).   The perception of migrants from two differing points of view is one that could be seen as discriminatory no matter how one looks at it.   I noticed examples of this in two separate sections of the book.   On page 17, Pà ©rez states migrants who have settled in a foreign country will experience discrimination, so will their children.   People on the mainland still consider American-born Puerto Ricans foreign.   So not only do parents feel alienated but so does the whole family. What is even more interesting is that first generation Americans from Puerto Rican families are not to identify as Puerto Rican (29).   Gina Pà ©rez makes it clear through her personal experience with residents in San Sebastian as they questioned her about her identity.   â€Å"Do you consider yourself Puerto Rican?† When she was taken by surprise at the question she was told, â€Å"That’s right, you are not Puerto Rican but of Puerto Rican descent† (29).   The reasoning behind this, I assume, is because when one lives their life outside their cultural scene, they no longer can fully identify with the day-to-day life in the state of origin.   They experience cultural mixing and now practice a blend of cultures; a hybrid culture. I can completely understand where this ideology comes from because I too have experienced similar encounters.   Since I am first generation born in the U.S., I overcame the same barriers.   My parents are from India.   The popular term used when referring to all people from India is Desi.   When I take summer trips to India, I know my identity as an Indian is questioned because I am so immersed in the American culture and more often, that not, I am referred to as ABCD (American-Born Confused Desi).   This is a term that implies that I am confused as to who I am and where I come from. A word I hear thrown around a little too much is progress.   What does progress mean to the people of the United States and what does it mean to other countries?   Gina Pà ©rez starts the second chapter off with the idea of progress that the people of Puerto Rico hold.   When she drove into Pepino she was informed that there was so much change and Pepino was finally progressing in the twenty-first century.   A familiar phrase she had heard in her field work three years ago. The change Pà ©rez was expecting does not seem to be there; at least, one that does not do justice to the word progress.   I guess most of us who have chosen to live in such a changing and progress-driven country have a different way of evaluating progress.   We do not see the small changes that make a big impact on the lives of people in different countries because most of the luxuries they strive for, we already hold.   Coming across this dialogue exchange in the book makes we wonder if the rest of the world is playing catch-up with the United States; or whether they are pushing modernization when there is still a need to battle poverty and non-employment. Some of the aspects that come with progress are not even favorable to the people of small towns in Puerto Rico but they still move forward with this idea because it symbolizes the island’s modernity.   Progress is marked by strip malls with mega stores, fast food chains, bigger roads and parking lots.   I believe that building infrastructures does not address the bigger issues of poverty and discrimination.   On top of that, I do not see a point in having a more material-based economy if the people cannot afford the prices.

Ku Klux Klan, Past and Present Essay -- American America History

Ku Klux Klan, Past and Present The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is one of America's oldest and most feared groups. Driven by the dream of a world with only one master race, the KKK often uses violence and moves above the law to promote their cause. Violence and white supremacy was not their original intention. They have been in the shadows for over 130 years and continue to thrive in America's society today. The Ku Klux Klan began almost accidentally during the reconstruction period after the civil war in the Southern United States. The southern people had suffered greatly from the effects of the great war. Many of them lost their homes and plantations. Many also lost friends and loved ones to the war. The people needed a release from the sorrow of everyday life. In 1865, six men from a small town in Tennessee accidentally began what has grown to be the largest and most feared "hate group" in the country. The men decided to make a club to help release the stress of the times. The men were all poor and could not afford to make gowns or great costumes for the group, so they decided to use linens. They wore the linens over their backs and put pillowcases on their heads. They also draped the linens over their horses. The Ku Klux Klan was going to ride for the first time. In the beginning, the men wanted to do nothing more than play pranks on people. However, the people were more frightened than they were cheered up. They soon realized what they could do with these fear tactics. The South had turned into a place that was no longer theirs. The slaves were now free (many of these men were slave owners) and carpetbaggers were coming from the North to take advantage of the southern people. They saw the opportunit... ...m to have the same things in common. They contain information that undermines other races and religions. A majority of these sites also appeal to adolescents, teenagers and younger children by boasting such slogans as "Cool Hate Music." Cartoons are also found on many pages. These cartoons demonstrate the "enemy" races in displeasing situations that often elaborate the points and views of the KKK. In the end, the KKK is a problem that won't go away for long. As we have seen, the KKK will be active for a period and then disappear. As long as there is differences between people in this world, there will always be hate. And the Ku Klux Klan will be there to feed on this hate and exploit it in every way possible. They may be silent for many years, but you can count on the fact that they are there. They are "The Invisible Empire" and will always be the dark

Show how Austin builds up suspense and tension in the Elton/Harriet/Emma relationship, leading up to the dramatic conclusion

The first volume of Jane Austens' Emma has a dramatic conclusion in which Mr Elton proposes to Emma. Emma's wild imagination is the source of all the confusion in the novel, as she attempts to match-make the local vicar, Mr Elton and her friend Harriet Smith, who is of a lower social class, with uncertain parentage, (living in a time when status and class were of the utmost importance). During the first volume of the novel the objective narrative stance contains much dramatic irony; the reader is allowed to observe Mr Elton's increasing attachment to Emma with growing pleasure whilst she remains completely oblivious of his infatuation and continues to misconstrue every sign of affection to herself as further indication of his affection to Harriet. The first time the reader hears about Emma's intentions to match-make Mr Elton is at the end of the first chapter- â€Å"Only one more, papa; only for Mr Elton. Poor Mr Elton!† Mr Knightley warns Emma that meddling in the affairs of others can bring nothing but trouble. Mr Knightley is realistic and practical and he often gives Emma good advice, which she is too single-minded to listen to, however he is nearly always right and therefore tension is built up for the reader as we know what mistakes Emma is going to make before she does. Harriet Smith is introduced to the reader and to Emma in chapter three as â€Å"the natural daughter of somebody.† Emma creates a new project for herself to fill her time now that Miss Taylor has married and takes it upon herself to befriend Harriet and make her a lady. It is evident that Harriet is Emma's object of desire for Mr Elton and the sweet, simple, stupid girl is slowly, manipulated by Emma. Of course it is only in Emma's wild imagination that this idea is possible because Harriet's doubtful birth immediately rules her out as a suitable match for the conceited Mr Elton. Emma begins to lay her plans after a chance meeting with Robert Martin. She is very critical of the young farmer, the brother of friends of Harriet and forces Harriet to compare him with â€Å"say†¦Mr Elton.† Emma only needs to make this one suggestion before Harriet convinces herself she is in love; this shows us the extent of Emma's power over Harriet. â€Å"Mr Elton was the very person fixed on by Emma to drive the young farmer out of Harriet's head.† There is a great deal of ambiguity in the novel which shows the reader how Emma interprets Mr Elton so wrongly and how Mr Elton could misunderstand Emma's friendliness towards him: â€Å"She was a beautiful creature when she came to you, but, in my opinion, the attractions you have added are infinitely superior to what she received from nature.† Mr Elton is praising Emma for improving Harriet; however Emma simply assumes that he is complimenting Harriet because this is what she wants him to do. There is much irony and suspense because the reader can see that Mr Elton's affection lies with Emma. Her naivety is one of the main factors which contribute to the mess she creates; she is so wrapped up in her implausible plans that she does not notice how her actions may be causing Mr Elton to form an attachment to her. â€Å"No husbands and wives in the case at present†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elton repeats and Emma, so exceedingly ignorant to Mr Elton's hints of his affections to her, considers â€Å"whether she had not better leave them together at once†. Austen uses ambiguity to create suspense and anticipation. It is ironic because Emma prides herself on her judgement but she always gets it so wrong; she experiences momentary concern over the extent of the compliments Mr Elton pays her; â€Å"I come in for a pretty good share as second.† She declares, â€Å"But it is his gratitude on Harriet's account,† she reassures herself. Read also Intro to Public Relations Notes Tension is increased after Emma cunningly (but good- heartedly) manipulates Harriet into refusing Mr Robert Martin's proposal- the reader knows Mr Martin is a good suitor for Harriet but has to watch as Emma's snobbery compels her to influence the subservient Harriet. Mr Knightley visits Emma to tell her Mr Martin intends to propose to Harriet, unaware the event has already occurred; â€Å"†¦I have good reason to believe your little friend will soon hear of something to her advantage.† The reader experiences anticipation because we already know what has a happened. Mr Knightley is very angry at Emma's interference and guesses her plans for Harriet and Mr Elton and warns her against them, â€Å"Elton will not do.† Emma is made uneasy by her quarrel with Mr Knightley but once again ignores his good advice, which infuriates the reader. Austen makes us aware of Mr Knightley's astute judgement throughout the novel, this helps to build the mounting tension. The event of the charade is full of ambivalence and the situation is almost hilarious. Mr Elton provides a riddle of love for the two girls' book. It is clearly written as a statement of love for Emma, and as she is so delighted when she tells him that she wrote it in their book, he perceives it as a sign of encouragement. Ironically, however, Emma is quick to work out the meaning of the riddle, but still manages to misinterpret it as blind love for her friend. The riddle could be a metaphor for the situation between Emma, Harriet and Mr Elton: an obvious answer to a puzzle waiting to be revealed. In chapter ten there is an amusing episode in which Emma goes to ridiculous lengths to get Harriet and Elton together; â€Å"Mr Elton was speaking with animation, Harriet listening with a very pleased attention† at this point the reader can justify why Emma might misread this situation. However, we later find out that Mr Elton was actually talking about what he ate at a party, not about their budding romance. The readers are kept in suspense as Emma is warned about Mr Elton, this time from a different Knightley, her sisters husband, Mr John Knightley; â€Å"I think your manners to him encouraging† he says, Emma retorts, â€Å"Mr Elton in love with me! – What an idea!† Emma experiences some confusion when Harriet is too ill to attend a party, because Mr Elton is not concerned about Harriet, but is worried Emma may become infected if she visits her. â€Å"Well†¦this is most strange!† she says to herself. Emma manages to get Mr Elton talking about Harriet's illness, but is dismayed â€Å"when only half a minute afterwards he began to speak of other things† the tension increases because there are so many obvious signs that Mr Elton does not care in the slightest for Harriet. â€Å"Can it be possible for this man to be beginning to transfer his affections from Harriet to me?† Emma begins to think Mr Elton is transferring his love to herself from Harriet; this causes such great frustration to the reader because we know he has always loved her and never Harriet. Emma finally begins to realise the truth of the situation, albeit slowly in chapter fifteen, â€Å"It did appear – there was no concealing it – exactly like the pretence of being in love with her, instead of Harriet† When Mr Elton makes his proposal Emma and he are alone in a carriage together which would not have happened in the period the novel was written in but Austen justifies it because of the snow and the haste the party were in. Emma has already been finding Mr Elton irritating all evening but now that she has suspicions of his attachment to her she is not at all pleased at the idea of the â€Å"tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te drive.† The reader is kept in suspense as Emma prepares herself to talk about the weather, but the declaration of love is sudden, dramatic and short, â€Å"- her hand seized- her attention demanded, and Mr Elton actually making violent love to her.† However, even after this Emma still keeps us anticipating her much awaited comprehension, initially assuming he is drunk; â€Å"Mr Elton, the lover of Harriet, was professing himself her lover.† Mr Elton is oblivious to Emma's dismay, shock and anger and continues his declaration in earnest and it takes Emma a long time to convey her refusal. Mr Elton protests that he never thought of Miss Smith in any other way than her friend, and that all his attentions had been towards her, that he believed himself to have been encouraged by Emma. The conversation grows more heated as Mr Elton insists he could never consider marrying at the ‘level' of Harriet's social status. â€Å"I have no thoughts of matrimony at present† Emma bl untly refuses him and â€Å"He was too angry to say another word†, an outraged silence ensues until the carriage reaches the vicarage and he makes his escape. Austen uses many techniques to create tension and suspense in the lead up to the dramatic and powerful conclusion of the Emma/ Harriet/ Mr Elton situation, including a lot of ambiguity and ambivalence and much irony from the narrative voice. I think Mr Knightley is also a useful tool because he tries to warn her with the truth and we know he is correct and have confidence his opinion, but Emma is so stubborn and determined that she ignores him.