Analysis of the Doppler Effect

Analysis of the Doppler Effect Assignment 3: topics and themes in physics- oscillations and waves Doppler radar A Doppler radar is specialized radar that uses the Doppler Effect to produce data about an objects velocity at a given distance. Doppler radar works by bouncing microwave signals at the desired target and then listening to its reflection, then the returning frequency is analysed to see how it has changed from the original signal. This variation gives direct and highly accurate measurements of the radial component of a targets velocity relative to the radar. The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after the famed Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 and is the difference between the observed frequency and the emitted frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren approaches, passes and dulls from an observer perspective. When a wave with angular frequency ω and phase velocity c propagates in a medium, an observer moving with velocity v parallel to c experiences a shifted frequency ω1 = ω (1 − v/c) (1). They do not depend on the relative velocity as other circumstances do occur. Electromagnetic waves share with sound the same property which is propagation velocity. It is independent of the motion of the source . Einstein formulated his extended principle of relativity stated that all physical and electromagnetic forces should depend on relative velocities. From this he created Lorentz transformation. Sound vs. Light There are three differences between acoustical (sound) and optical (light) Doppler effects: The optical frequency change is not dependent on which is moving the source or observer either is it affected by the medium through which the waves are moving, but acoustical frequency is affected by these things. Optical frequency changes are affected if the source or observer moves at right angles to the line connecting the source and observer. Observed acoustical changes are not affected in such a situation. Applications of the Doppler phenomenon include the Doppler radar and the measurement by astronomers of the motion and direction of celestial bodies. Light itself travels at 186,000miles a second (, but unlike sound light doesn’t need to travel through a medium. Whereas sound cannot be transmitted into space light can be in the form of radiation and also a form of energy that is put through a vacuum. The Doppler effect of light is more commonly known as the relativistic Doppler Effect. The Doppler Effect In Astronomy In astronomy, the Doppler Effect was originally studied in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Today we can the see the use of the Doppler shift(Doppler effect) applies to all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Also, because of the inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength, we can describe the Doppler shift in terms of wavelength. Radiation is red shifted when its wavelength increases, and is blue shifted when its wavelength decreases. Astronomers use Doppler shifts to calculate very accurately at what rate stars and other astronomical objects are moving towards or away from Earth. For example the spectral lines emitted by hydrogen gas in distant galaxies is often observed to be considerably red shifted. The spectral line emission, normally found at a wavelength of 21 centimetres on Earth, might be observed at 21.1 centimetres instead. This 0.1 centimetre redshift would indicate that the gas is moving away from Earth at over 1,400 kilometres per second (over 880 miles per second). The red shift As an object moves further away from an observer the light waves emitted are affected by the Doppler Effect. In 1923, American astronomer and physicist Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) observed that the light waves from distant galaxies were shifted so much to the red end of the light spectrum that they must be moving away from the Milky Way, the galaxy in which Earth is located, at a high rate.(10) After these finding he then furthered his studies and came up with a mathematical formula in which he could determine how far away and at what rate they were moving away from the galaxy and how far towards the red shift. This formula is known as Hubble’s constant. From this a lot of other astronomers have come together and came up with the theory that the universe emerged instantly in a sort of bang, therefore coming amount the big bang theory. My research of galaxies the sun itself contains helium. This is proven as on the spectrum scale there are black lines in which the sun has absorbed light through the helium The Doppler Effect in aerospace Sonic booms, usually produced by airplanes passing through the sound barrier, are another example of the Doppler Effect. As a plane approaches the sound barrier the sound waves become increasingly compressed at the front of the plane. Pilots have also reported that they feel noticeable wall or barrier as they approach the speed of sound, and this is due to this intense compression of the sound waves. When the plane reaches the speed of sound, and passes through, it is said to go supersonic. There have been high speed photos taken of high velocity objects such as planes and bullets approaching, then breaking through the sound barrier. In these, the compression of the sound waves are clearly shown in the front, with the concomitant lengthening at the rear, just as would be expected by the Doppler Effect. Doppler Navigation System uses the Doppler effect to measure an aircrafts ground speed and heading. The Doppler radar functions by continuous measurement of Doppler shift and converting the measured values to groundspeed and drift angle. In early systems the aircrafts departure point was loaded into a navigation computer, which then converted the aircrafts heading and Doppler ground speed/drift inputs into a continuous display of aircraft position; this was then displayed as latitude and longitude, and/ or as distance to go along track and position left or right of track, in nautical miles. Aircraft navigation systems such as these are very important because they are key in getting the aircraft from one location to another safely. Doppler navigation is also one of the systems that air traffic controllers use, its allows then to see an aircraft’s exact heading, air speed and altitude. This allows the aircraft controller to give keep aircraft in clear and uncongested air which s ignificantly reduces the chances of in air collisions. DOPPLER RADAR The police also utilise the Doppler Effect in the form of Doppler radar to calculate the speed of passing car and to check whether they are obeying the speed limits. This technology is not only used by the police but also by meteorologists. The change in frequency experienced as a result of the Doppler effect is exactly twice the ratio between the velocity of the target (for instance, a speeding car) and the speed with which the radar pulse is directed toward the target. From this formula, it is possible to determine the velocity of the target when the frequency change and speed of radar propagation are known. The police officers Doppler radar performs these calculations; then all the officer has to do is pull over the speeder and write a ticket. The development in Doppler radar has also helped to helped to eliminate aviation crashes associated with microburst. A microburst is a very localized column of sinking air caused by a small and intense downdraft within a thunderstorm. The crash Delta Air Lines Flight 191 , which a microburst was the primary cause for the crash of the Lockheed L1011 Tri-Star was key factor in the push for developing microburst detection system. As a result of the crash, planes are now fitted with Doppler radar as standard. It allows pilots to prepare for microburst and allows then to increase power to the engines to stop the plane from crashing. The Doppler radar system of the plane is usually located in the planes ray dome. Meteorology Meteorologists use Doppler radar to track the movement of storm by detecting the direction and velocity of raindrops or hail, for instance, Doppler radar can be used to determine the motion of winds and, thus, to predict weather patterns that will follow in the next minutes or hours. But Doppler radar can do more than simply detect a storm in progress: Doppler technology also aids meteorologists by interpreting wind direction, as an indicator of incoming storms. Meteorologists use a similar principle to read weather events. In this case, the stationary transmitter is located in a weather station and the moving object being studied is a storm system. This is what happens: Radio waves are emitted from a weather station at very specific frequency. The waves are large enough to interact with clouds and other atmospheric objects. The waves strike objects and bounce back toward the station. If the clouds or precipitation are moving away from the station, the frequency of the waves reflected back decreases. If the clouds or precipitation are moving toward the station, the frequency of the waves reflected back increases. Computers in the radar electronically convert Doppler shift data about the reflected radio waves into more useful pictures which show wind speeds and direction. Doppler radars are also a lot more sensitive to movement of targets in general, whether they are moving towards or away from the radar site which things such as birds, insects, or just clouds when they are operated in certain modes. Doppler radars measure a targets velocity, which both is the speed of movement the direction that its moving. These types of radars allow meteorologists to see a lot of the in detail movements that go on inside thunderstorms, this then allows the meteorologists to predict how those thunderstorms will behave in the future. Doppler Echocardiogram A traditional echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce fairly accurate images of the heart. In this procedure, a radiologist uses a transducer to transmit and receive ultrasound waves, which are reflected when they reach the edge of two structures with different densities. The image produced by an echocardiogram shows the edges of heart structures, but the down side it cannot measure the speed of blood flow as it makes its way through the heart. In a Doppler echocardiogram, sound waves of a certain frequency are transmitted into the heart. The sound waves bounce off blood cells moving through the heart and blood vessels. The movement of these cells, either toward or away from the transmitted waves which then results in a frequency shift that can be measured. This helps cardiologists determine the speed and direction of blood flow in the heart which is the most significant difference between the traditional echocardiogram and a Doppler echocardiogram. Transverse and longitudinal waves A transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring at right angles to the direction of energy transfer. If a transverse wave is moving in the positive x-direction, its oscillations are in up and down directions that lie in the y–z plane. For transverse waves in matter the displacement of the medium is at 90 degrees to the direction of propagation of the wave. A ripple in a pond and a wave on a string are easily visualized forms of transverse waves. Examples of transverse waves include S (secondary) waves, and the motion of the electric (E) and magnetic (M) fields in an electromagnetic plane wave, which both oscillate perpendicularly to each other as well as to the direction of energy transfer. Conclusion In conclusion this reports through my many hours of research, talks in detail about the history and the useful applications of it. Aircraft and aerospace engineering as they use Doppler radar is a very interesting and a wide range of applications and I have toughly enjoyed researching about it especially since these are topic areas which i am particularly interested and other practical uses with the speed guns used in the police force and also the sirens on the motor vehicles. The application of the Doppler Effect and its applications in aerospace are a very interesting subject and something which i very much look forward to looking and working on in am going into university.

Latin Love :: Online Community Communities Essays

Latin Love I was taken by surprise and intrigued when my teacher told me to join an online community and follow the postings and chats for my next English paper. That same class period I spent a lot of time looking around finding all sorts of sites and topics that could keep my interest. As I explored I was trying to figure out what an online community really was. I wasn’t sure if a site with just a discussion board was enough for this project, so I tried to find others with chat rooms. Finally I came across a subject that interested me and I felt met the requirements for an online community. It was a place where common interests link people to a community online. In Howard Rheingold’s The Virtual Community an online community is stated as, â€Å"an online discussion group in which members develop long-term friendships through their interactions online. In such a community, members become intimate though they have never seen each other face to face.† Such a place is illustrated when Rheingold related the tick story in his book. It was late one night when he and his wife found a tick on their baby’s scalp. They were frightened and didn’t know what to do, so the Rheingold logged onto the WELL, an information site, to see if he could get an answer. Before his wife got a hold of the normal pediatrician, he had received an answer online. â€Å"Many people are alarmed by the very idea of a virtual community, fearing that it is another step in the wrong direction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, such a place for people to gather and help is needed, as demonstrated by the tick incident. An online community is a place where peo ple can gather and share information they have learned throughout the years. It is a place of solace to many and a resource to others. â€Å"Who is to say that this preference for informal written text is somehow less authentically human than opting for audible speech† (Rheingold 94)? Who is to say that written text is not as valid as spoken words? Before the time of the telephone, the only form of communication was written letters. The online community I chose tied both the written and the audible to the site. Music was the common interest in my online community.

Jack Johnson and history of the wrench Essay

Jack Johnson was an amazing man that changed history. His contribution to the world (the wrench) is still used widely throughout the world. The world and all things are either created by nature or man made, if man made it was probably constructed using hardware tools maybe including a wrench. Jack Johnson invented a history changing invention and patented it on April 18, 1922. This invention still changes lives today by putting together many of our belongings. Things like cars are repaired using a wrench and bicycles are made using wrenches. Things like chairs, beds, tables, and shelves are usually either created or fixed using a wrench and other hardware materials. A wrench is a tool that is used by hand and is used for making and repairing things. A wrench can loosen or tighten bolts, nuts, or nails using it adjustable teeth at the front of the tool. The first wrench was patented by Solymon Merrick in 1835. There is a variety of different wrenches that include; Monkey Wrench, Ratchet Wrench, Pipe Wrench, and the Rachetless Wrench, all of these different tools perform different functions. The wrench may seem like a simple hardware tool yet it is complicated, tedious, and a very precise piece of hardware.

Drunk Driving

Drunk Driving Free Online Research Papers Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. Your are going to leave and go home, but you friends wont let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they ca ll a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becoming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalities t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twenty-five thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injuries. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contribute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On aver age a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in a alcohol related accident before and have no prior convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bystanders is over-exaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers victims are the drivers themselves, their often passengers, and the drunken pedestrians and cyclists. Despite this drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact it is said that ab out 40 % of the population will be involved in a alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among young people, accounting for 20% of all deaths from ages 15 to 20. Drunk driving is such a hard thing to overcome though. In our society alcohol is overwhelmingly accepted as a facilitator of sociable interaction, and the great majority of adults drink. But steps a re being taken and the numbers of deaths are declining. Alcohol-related traffic fatalities have been decreasing lately. As a proportion of all traffic fatalities it has been decreased since 1982. In fact since 1982 the number of alcohol related traffic fatalities has decreased 30%, from 25,165 to 17,699, while alcohol-related traffic fatalities, as a proportion of all traffic fatalities, decreased from 57% to 45%. This is a great achievement when you consider that the number of miles traveled has increased 40% since then. For the past 14 years the number of alcohol-related traffic fatalities have been dropping steadily. With the help of a growing number of support groups and tougher penalties the numbers should drop even more in the next few years to come. The numbers of accidents have been dropping for a number of reasons. The states have taken some effective measures such as immediate license suspension, lowering the blood alcohol concentration legal level from .01 to .08 for adults and for people under age 21 to .02. Others such as sobriety checkpoints, public education, community awareness, and media campaigns about the dangers of alcohol-impaired driving. In addition some strategies should be considered, such as those outlined during the Surgeon Generals Workshop on Drunk Driving and in the national plan for injury prevention and control. Such strategies include changing the social norm to make alcohol-impaired driving socially unacceptable, limiting alcohol availability among under-aged youth, alcohol service training for those who sell and serve alcohol, early alcohol treatment and rehabilitation programs, offering alternative transportation programs for those of the legal drinking age, and increasing the perception of the risk for arrest for alcohol-impaired driving. States like California have raised the penalty for misdemeanor drunk driving offenses to a maximum $1000 fine and one year in jail. In July, a state law took effect requiring twice-convicted drunk drivers to equip their cars wit h a breath analysis device that prevents them from starting their engines if they have a blood-alcohol level higher than .02%. And after Jan. 1, people under the age of 21 caught driving with a blood-alcohol level .01% or greater will immediately lose their drivers licenses for one year. In fact Ohio now allows officials to confiscate vehicles registered to drivers with at least four DUI convictions in a five-year period of those who twice allow their vehicles to be used by someone they know to be drunk or without a license. Currently the state is taking away those cars and putting them in a car crusher. Steps like these need to continue to be taken and hopefully the number of accidents will decrease. Its great to see problems like these decreasing. Drinking and driving is very dangerous. Many people have their lives shattered and ruined because of a drunk driver. That is why this is becoming so socially unacceptable. People are finally starting to realize how dangerous this can really be. With the help of new laws and continued hard work the number of drinking and driving accidents should be very little in the future. Research Papers on Drunk DrivingHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingTwilight of the UAWThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Time management and Personal development essay

Time management and Personal development essay Time management and Personal development essay Time management and Personal development essayOne’s personality is formed and developed under the influence of multiple factors, objective and subjective, natural and social, inner and outer, independent and those dependant on the conscience of a person. In this regard, a person is not viewed as a passive being that reflects certain social influence. Instead, a person is a subject of one’s own formation and development. The formation of a personality guarantees scientifically organized development. Modern scientific views on personal development as a process of purposeful formation of a personality have been formed as a result of a long and controversial development of pedagogical ideas. The following research analyzes the personal development of a human being in terms of purposeful influence of one person on the other, aiming to develop biologically and socially useful features of a person. The following paper is aimed at analyzing my personal experience of self-develo pment and self-growth within the Regent’s University and outside it.In fact, instructors play a significant role in the process of self-development, organization of their lives and guarantee of the social experience the students gain during the process of learning. Self-development is a whole process of constant renewal of one’s experience. Here, the idea of interaction between the subject and object of learning should be emphasized. The evaluation of one’s success is also performed by the instructor on the basis of changes that take place in the conscience and behaviour of students. And the process of goal achievement is also realized through the organization of student’s activity.Such process represents a combination of continuous actions directed on the achievement of certain result. The major result would be the formation of a harmoniously developed and socially active personality. It becomes clear that in different cases the notion of personal develo pment will have different meaning. A person can be influenced by the society to a greater extent. In this case, the personal development of oneself greatly depends on social views and everyday conditions. However, the following paper rather deals with the development of a person within the educational institution. The paper deals with my own experience of self-development within the Regent’s University, although I should admit that the society has a great influence on the formation of a personality as well.Here, it is important to evaluate the importance of self-reflection. Thus, I should admit that my studies in the Regent’s University have given me guidance of how to further develop my skills and abilities out of the borders of the institution I am studying at. I consider that throughout the educational process, it is of vital importance that students develop their skills by means of the personal development program. A student should be able to use his or her own exp erience to acquire enough knowledge necessary for the sphere of business they wish to enter after the educational process is over. The task to check one’s self-reflection enables students to record and reflect upon their own academic experiences and identify their own personal skills, weaknesses and strengths. By doing so, the students increase self-confidence by improving and enriching their knowledge about certain areas of study necessary for future business.My choice of the future path was motivated by the fact that I have not much time to become a specialist and the understanding that my study at the University will someday come to an end. And it is up to me to become a good specialist or to graduate from the educational institution without any proper educational background. In order to achieve the goal of becoming expert in the chosen sphere it is important to be persistent and motivated. My study at the Regent’s University greatly benefits the process of personal development. I acquire more and more knowledge in the chosen sphere and hope to graduate from the University with enough knowledge to run my own business in the future. Thus, I recommend all students who are still studying to work hard to achieve their goals while they are still guided by professors and instructors. Otherwise, one may graduate from the University barehanded, that is to say, without any educational background.In this regard, a clever distribution of time plays an important role. Thus, if not to value every day spent in the educational institution, one may graduate from it without enough knowledge in the chosen sphere of activity. I have chosen to carefully value every subject I am taught and every day I spend in the Regent’s University as only doing so will bring the necessary result. I consider that a well-thought distribution of time should be emphasized when speaking about personal development. It is worth saying that a person who is still studying should pay much attention to his or her studies so as to acquire enough knowledge and develop lots of skills necessary for future profession.Here, I consider it important to give a full-fledged definition of personal development planning. Researchers usually define it as a well-structured process undertaken by certain individual in order to reflect upon his or her learning experience, achievements and performance so as to plan future educational, personal and career development (Adair Allen 2004). The above-mentioned definition presumes that the appropriate structure and support is provided by the educational institution a person is studying at. There would be seen no progress in the personal development of a student if the higher educational institution does not provide all necessary conditions for the harmonious and healthy formation of a personality. The learning experience and achievements also play an important role for students who are asked to reflect upon their personal developmen t progress.Employability is another aspect that should be discussed when speaking about the personal development of a student. Thus, without enough knowledge and experience about future career, there is nothing to be said about the employability. Before graduating from the University a student should feel ready for building a strong and successful career in the nearest future. Personal development planning helps students to reflect upon the acquired skills and knowledge provided by tutors in the higher educational institution and learnt by students by themselves.Every student should possess both theoretical and practical knowledge about the matters necessary for their future career. Thus, speaking about myself, I should admit that during the whole learning process at Regent’s University I was fruitfully getting knowledge and forming the theoretical and practical basis for the future career.Thus, I should admit that I have chosen the right course and educational institution to study at. I have always been dreaming to study abroad and the course Global Business and Design Management suits my interests to full extent. I have always been interested in business and economics, specifically those related to design and fashion. My studies at Regent’s University are totally different from any of such kind in Copenhagen. I think I have found the sphere of learning that best suits my interests and are to my liking. In future, I hope to start my own business abroad and to continue expanding my knowledge about the sphere of fashion and design. I think that my learning experience at Regent’s University helped me a lot to form my personality and find a place in this world. It is important for students to deepen their knowledge even after graduating from the educational institution as I consider that the process of personal development has no limits and no restrictions.As for the employability, I should admit that my experience of Internship in Copenhagen helped me a lot to acquire appropriate employability skills. I think that my working experience at the COVER magazine will help me to find my place in the world. I do hope to open my own business abroad and further develop in the sphere of fashion and design as this sphere is what interests me most.Giving an evaluation of my employability skills acquired during my practical experience in Copenhagen and studying at Regent’s University, I should admit that I have developed good verbal and teamwork skills. Thus, I consider myself able to clearly express my own ideas and I feel confident in speech. Moreover, I feel quite confident working within a group. However, I think that I still need to develop commercial awareness so as to understand the commercial realities existing in the sphere of design and fashion of today. Still, I consider myself an initiative and self-motivated person. I mean that I am able to act on initiative and identify opportunities necessary for building a su ccessful career. Written communication is not as important for me as the ability to express my thoughts and ideas orally. Flexibility is another skill that I have developed during the Internship in Copenhagen. I consider myself able to adapt fruitfully to the changing environment and situations. Finally, as was mentioned above, time management is very important. I think that in order to build a successful career, one should be able to effectively manage time and be able to work to deadlines.Among the most important skills that should be acquired while studying at the University are leadership and management skills, interpersonal and technical skills as well as client management and marketing skills. All of these skills can be acquired during Internships abroad. I consider that I managed to acquire all the necessary skills during my practical experience abroad and I plan to use them in my future career.The learning process at the University should be monitored, integrated and support ed by tutors and instructors (Moon 2001). The students should develop explicit skills of analysis and reflection in order to become decent members of society. Personal development is a long-lasting process that continues even after graduating from the higher educational institution. In fact, it can last for eternity as a human being is a constantly developing creature that frequently changes in the course of time. However, compulsory education at the University greatly contributes to the development of the individuality of a person.For a person to become a specialist in one’s chosen sphere of activity, he or she needs to be persistent and motivated. A person should develop these features of character in order to achieve success in future career. There can be emphasized several structural components of personal development. These are knowledge of people about the environment and society, practical skills in different spheres of activity and creativity as well as social and spi ritual relations. The successful development of a person wholly depends on many factors, including persistence and a strong desire to learn new things in the chosen sphere of activity.Throughout the process of studying it is important for students to identify their skills and knowledge and develop them in the course of the personal development program. Students should be able to apply their knowledge to build a strong basis for future business in the chosen area. Different students dream to enter different areas of business after completing their education. However, the truth remains the same. It lies in the fact that before graduating from the educational institution, students must have enough skills and knowledge for entering the beloved sphere of business and becoming rightful members of the society. The study enables students to record and reflect upon their academic and practical experience. Personal development programs empower students to identify their personal skills, weakn esses and strengths. In such a way, students increase their self-confidence and become capable of improving the required spheres and form the identity for the real world of business.In conclusion, I consider it necessary to give a summary of what has been said in this paper. I should admit that personal development planning is an important process of self-reflection. During the process, a student learns how to evaluate his abilities and skills necessary for entering the global business. As for me, I have long been interested in fashion and design and dream to become a good specialist in this sphere of business. I consider it important for every student to be persistent not only in their studies of theory, but also their own practical experience. I think that by the end of study, every student should be able and feel confident to enter the real world of global business and become a decent member of society. Personally I would like to expand my knowledge in the area of design-related business and economics. I think that I have chosen the right specialty and I consider myself ready to enter the seducing world of fashion and design. I would like to open my own business abroad and apply my knowledge in this sphere to full extent.During my study at Regent’s University, I managed to acquire enough skills and knowledge to become a fashion designer in future. I consider my studies to be fruitful and efficient and I advise all students to find the beloved sphere of activity and become a good specialist in the chosen area of business. The above paper has analyzed the basic aspects of personal development planning on the basis of my own practical and theoretical experience. In this research paper, I tried to analyze different aspects of personal development for students to understand the basics of individual formation of a person. The research analyzed the question of employability and mentioned the necessary employability-related skills that every student should d evelop during their studies in the University.

Assignment 4 for CLS325 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment 4 for CLS325 - Coursework Example The most common impression about independent films though is that such projects are not usually funded by the major motion picture producers. Because of this there have concepts that â€Å"films made by smaller studios or give a guarantee of distribution by one of the majors before production are classified as ‘semi-indie’.† (King 9) Limiting the definition of independence in film-making to questions of financing may result to inaccurate conclusions about indie movies though. What makes a film truly independent basically depends on the freedom of the film-makers themselves in expressing their ideas through their craft. With this concept, it is only clear that a major studio may create an independent arm which could produce films which contents and artistic directions are to be freed from intervention. However, it is true that that indie films produced by subsidiaries of major studios may not be as free as those that are made by non-corporate and non-business entit ies. Although these may have serious disadvantages in terms of budget, the producers, directors, writers, and all other artists involved relatively enjoy greater freedoms in expressing or in putting their creativity in film. With the shoestring budget though, independent film-makers certainly have problems in distribution. They may be able to innovate or to adapt their techniques to whatever logistical and equipment inadequacies that they experience but they may not be able to market the film as much as they would want to. This is the reason why most indie films are addressed only to a niche market. Only audiences to whom the subject of the film is relevant are able to see and understand the messages relayed by the film-makers and the artists. Conscious that their products are not meant to be enjoyed by a wider audience, after all, many indie film-makers also do not attempt to apply forms that are supposed to entice more people to watch. Indie films are considered as the alternative to the commercial fares often produced by Hollywood’s major studios. For both film critics and the audiences, this is cinema that provides more focus on the story and artistic expression rather than commercial success. Therefore, this may fall under the category of popular culture, one that may not be as attractive to the masses as Hollywood films are nevertheless interesting because these depict situations that may be reflective of the audiences’ real-life situations and because these are aesthetically delightful. However, it must be pointed out also that such productions, because of budgetary constraints, may not be packaged well when it comes to advertising. Hence, their advantages over Hollywood fares may not get full potential because of inadequate promotions. Hollywood film-making is obviously controlled by media and film-making moguls, people who have made and are still making huge fortunes out of producing films for commercial purposes. Since these are big ent ertainment business is essentially at the core of every film produced in Hollywood, it is only expected that profits are the objectives. Every movie produced could cost millions of dollars. However, the producers do not hesitate spending for these because they knew that with a star-studded cast, amazing visual effects, effective promotion, and widespread distribution, millions more could be earned from the box office. With profits as the objective, the importance of story and

Analysis of Stone Henge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Stone Henge - Essay Example The meanings behind the large circles of stone can only be guessed at. As has been noted, earlier grave sites were normally aligned with the winter solstice, allowing a shaft of sunlight to enter the chamber only on that day and that hour. However, once the circle was removed from such a close association with death, it is argued that the larger standing stones became aligned instead with sunrise at the summer solstice. While the stones of Stonehenge are aligned to various astronomical times (Souden, 1997), there are several indications that the circles may have served a deeper purpose than providing a necessary solar calendar for people who survived on cultivating the land. One theory holds that the circles are indeed aligned with the summer solstice as a means of reflecting the joining of the Earth Goddess, symbolized by the womb-like shape of the monument and the supine, glittering surface of the Altar Stone, with the Sky Father, symbolized by the open air structure and the entran ce of light. Others, such as Christopher Chippendale (1994) suggest that the alignment is more closely aligned with the midwinter sunset. About the only thing sure about Stonehenge is that its meaning was complex and immensely important to the generations of Neolithic farmers who lived in the area. With the origins of the structure lost to time, archaeological evidence remains the only means by which today’s culture might discover the people who built the structure.